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Mountain Highway Capacity

Highway
Expansion - Creating Tomorrows Problems Today
Mountain highway lanes are
rarely at full capacity due to rain, hail, fog, snow, wind, ice,
flooding, sun glare, avalanche control, breakdowns, construction,
accidents, police activity, wildlife on the roadway, rockfalls, snow
slides, slow moving vehicles, unfamiliar, bad or slow drivers and any
adjacent activity to the highway that provides an opportunity for
motorists to slow down and look. Any of
these activities can impact motor vehicle travel, regardless of the
number of lanes in a specific direction.

When wind driven
ground blizzards hit between Idaho Springs and Vail
that create zero visibility (day or night) there is no option
for the Colorado State Patrol or the Colorado Department of
Transportation but to close the highway. With no other option
than the I-70 highway, all mountain corridor mobility comes to a halt
when severe weather hits.
In addition, there is a
known interaction between vehicular traffic in adjacent highway lanes. Due to this interaction, adding a general
purpose lane does not necessarily double the vehicle capacity of the
adjacent lane. Typical throughput of the additional lane will be 20 to
30 percent less than the adjacent lane.
Once a road becomes
sufficiently crowded, then it becomes harder for drivers to coordinate
with each other. Each driver has to
anticipate what other drivers will do, and because information is
transmitted between cars only via brake lights and turn signals which
are crude devices at best (and turn signals aren’t always used),
anticipation often turns into over-reaction. A single driver who’s too
ready to hit the brakes can slow down an entire highway.
And because drivers have no bigger
picture of what traffic looks like, their decisions (whether to get off
at this exit or trudge onward, whether to move out of this lane or stay
in it) are haphazard at best.
During periods of any
volume, it takes very little to create a traffic jam. A sudden
lane change, hard breaking or a sudden entrance from an on ramp and a
huge ripple of braking is created that can bring traffic to a stop and
go condition for miles. Instead of the elegant, patterned
movements of birds, drivers produce the stop-and-go disorganization of
a traffic jam.

A mountain highway is an
extremely variable transportation medium and only as good as the
quality and consistency of the vehicles and drivers using it. I-70 motorists are some of the most careless
and reckless in the State according to Colorado State Patrol and
Trucking Industry officials. Skiers, Snowboarders and Casino Patrons
are very often in hurry to get to their destinations and do not
tolerate slow drivers or traffic very well.
Most I-70
motorists have seen significant multi-vehicle accidents and even
roll-over incidents when there is just a dusting of snow.
Even sun glare can cause significant delays and multi-vehicle
accidents.
For most I-70 Mountain
Corridor motorists, the most lengthy traffic delays they have or will
experience are a result of highway construction, snow or rockslides,
accidents and/or bad weather that cause substantial traffic
interruption and even complete road closures.

Often the traffic ripple
effect of an accident or construction activity can last for hours, well
beyond the actual clearing of the vehicles or clearing of the
construction equipment involved. Passing
motorists may never actually see the accident or construction activity,
but can experience the delays they caused for several hours.
If Our
Goal is to Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled and take Vehicles off the I-70
Highway, then how does Highway Expansion Help?
A six lane I-70 will
simply put more vehicles and drivers into the mountain corridor. A significant number of
I-70 mountain corridor motorists are outdoor recreationists or casino
patrons who tend to be fairly aggressive drivers. A six lane
I-70 will invite more careless driving, more reckless driving in
bad weather, more road rage incidents and more accidents, the impacts
of which result in six lanes of congestion istead of four lanes of
congestion and little or no improvement in travel times.
A six lane I-70 will
be just as vulnerable to bad weather, poor driver
behavior, avalanche control, accidents and highway construction,
as a four lane I-70 and will provide no option to these events, but to
sit in traffic and wait with everyone else.

A highway
expansion alternative is also the most destructive solution
(environmentally, economically and socially) to Corridor
Communities, Corridor Resorts and Colorado in
general.
A highway expansion ONLY solution for
the I-70 mountain corridor means that Colorado residents and visitors
have as their only option for travel in the corridor; personal
vehicle, van shuttle or bus driving to resort destinations (even in
blinding snow storms and treacherous icy road conditions). These
unpleasant and dangerous experiences ignore traveler safety, discourage
future Colorado visits and limit Front Range access to the major mountain resorts;
instead of facilitating safety and access, and providing an
option to driving in bad weather.
When it snows at 2
inches per hour or more (which is common in the Mountain Corridor,
especially from Silver Plume through Vail Pass), there is no way CDOT
can keep up with snow removal operations on four lanes, let alone six
lanes.

Wind driven
ground blizzards creating zero visibility (day or night)
mandate I-70 closures, regardless of the number of lanes. Driving
in deep snow or under zero visibility conditions is extremely
dangerous. How many drivers do you want passing you on either
side (as six lanes would allow) in white out or deep snow
conditions?
Heavy snow,
wind, avalanches, rockfalls and traffic accidents
causing injuries and fatalities, drive I-70 closures and shut
down the High Country economy. Why would we spend billions of
dollars on I-70 highway expansion that will be just as vulnerable
to weather related closures that shut down mobility in the
mountain corridor and impede the state's resort economy? Wouldn't
we be better off investing those same dollars in a safer and more
reliable transportation option?
All a six lane
I-70 will do is allow more unprepared motorists to crash and be
injured, allow more trucks to jack-knife and wreck, allow more
horrific traffic backups and strand more
motorists throughout the corridor when the inevitable highway
closure occurs. This is not rocket science. Colorado needs an option to
driving in the corridor in winter weather conditions,
which is when many Front Range Residents and Visitors want to
get to the Resorts!
A six lane I-70
will not only jeopardize the safety of more motorists, but will place
additional burdens on the corridor communities for Law Enforcement,
Emergency Management, Fire Protection Service, Ambulance Service and
the Care and Sheltering of stranded motorists.
A six lane I-70 will
simply put more vehicles and drivers into the mountain corridor.
Adding highway capacity always induces travel demand, especially in a
recreational corridor with a high degree of suppressed demand.
Induced demand often exceeds 100 percent of the new highway capacity,
so none of the new capacity is actually available to meet the need
of the current traffic volumes. A six lane I-70 will induce
vehicle trips greater than its capacity and will actually
create congestion levels greater than they are today on a four
lane I-70.
With I-70 highway
expansion, a significant number of those motorists that had been
avoiding the corridor during peak periods by taking an alternate route
or by using public transportation, simply switch back to driving in the
expanded highway corridor until it very quickly reaches the same
congestion level as it had before the expansion. The
alternate routes and public transportation will likely see a decrease
in use as more motorists use the primary highway corridor, until the
highway corridor reaches previous congestion levels.
Adding lanes is not a
viable solution for I-70. Increasing capacity in
one area of I-70 does not necessarily decrease congestion and
decrease travel times. In fact, increased
capacity in one area of I-70 will induce travel demand and
put a strain on another area of I-70 which will negate the benefit
of the capacity improvements for most motorists (see I-70 Congestion).
Courtesy of DRCOG



Courtesy of the Victoria
Transport Policy Institute
Traffic congestion is often a symptom of
more fundamental problems, such as inadequate mobility options
(including lack of travel choices such as public transportation and
alternate routes) that force people to drive for every trip.
Dispersed land use patterns also increase travel distances. In these
areas, expanding roads may reduce short term symptoms but exacerbate
long term problems.
Although roadway projects (particularly
safety and reliability improvements) can be an appropriate part of a
State’s transportation program, continually expanding congested
highways tends to be inefficient. The first highways in an area often
provide large economic returns, but marginal benefits diminish as more
capacity is added for the following reasons:
The first highways projects are
generally the most cost effective, because planners are smart enough to
prioritize investments. For example, if there are several possible
highway alignments on a corridor, those with the greatest benefits and
lowest costs are generally built first, leaving less cost effective
options for subsequent implementation.
Interregional highways (those connecting
cities) are generally constructed first. They tend to provide greater
economic benefits and have lower unit costs than local highway
expansion, due to numerous conflicts and high land costs in urban areas.
Adding capacity tends to provide
declining user benefits, since consumers are smart enough to prioritize
trips. For example, if highways are congested, consumers organize their
lives to avoid peak automobile period trips. As highway capacity
increases they travel more during peak periods, perhaps driving across
town during rush hour for an errand that would be deferred, or moving
further away from their worksite. Each additional vehicle mile provides
smaller user benefits, since the most valued vehicle-miles are already
taken.
The main transportation problems
in urbanized communities are traffic congestion, inadequate
mobility for non-drivers, and various costs associated with increasing
motor vehicle traffic, including road and parking facility costs,
accidents and pollution emissions, all problems reduced with improved
travel options, more efficient travel behavior, and more accessible
land use development.
With a mature highway system, it may be
better to increase transport diversity and encourage efficiency rather
than continuing to expand capacity.
A
comfortable and convenient rail based transit solution in the mountain
corridor will provide a very attractive travel choice in bad weather
for Rocky
Mountain travelers of all ages and must be the
priority improvement component of the I-70 PEIS process! It is
the only alternative that will provide real congestion relief and
improved travel times in the I-70 corridor.

CDOT congestion
projections are based on plotting Colorado's population and Vehicle Miles Traveled growth over the
past 15 years and continuing this trend unabated for the next 15 to 30
years. There is an obvious flaw in this approach.
A number of factors will
influence motor vehicle travel over the next 10 to 15 years that are
deliberately ignored in CDOT's projections.
1. Any new fuel tax
or VMT tax implemented to fill the huge gap in transportation
funding as the Highway
Users
Trust
Fund
runs out of gas, will provide a big incentive for motorists (especially
the Middle Class) to drive less.
2. The USDOT and
FHWA's plan of increasing tolling, especially congestion
pricing, will provide a big incentive for motorists (especially the
Middle Class) to drive less.
3. World peak oil
production and the increasing political instability in the Middle East will drive fuel costs up
sharply and provide a big incentive for motorists (especially the
Middle Class) to drive less.
4. Carbon
caps, greenhouse gas emission and air quality regulations will
require additional vehicle emission processing and make all motor
vehicles more expensive.
5. Hydrogen powered
vehicles and plug in electric vehicles that minimize harmful emissions
will be very expensive and out of the price range of the Middle
Class.
6. Aging
Baby-boomers on fixed incomes will be driving less.
7. Only the most
affluent motorists will be able to afford discresionary motor
vehicle travel.
8. Toll roads will
be reserved for the wealthy. The less affluent will be using
public transit and local roads.
Decision
makers immediately expect that Colorado automobile travel demand
will be growing exponentially and continue to discount any current
global trends that contradict this assumption. Climate change,
our national changing demographics, the war in Iraq, continued
political instability in the Middle East and world peak oil
production (likely to occur between now and 2011) are not even on
their radar screens. They expect that we will be driving as we do
today, forever and that more lanes are the only answer.
Instead of designing our future to accommodate people, they are
designing our future to accommodate more cars and trucks.
In essence, cars have become more
important than people in our land use and transportation planning
process.
National studies confirm
that expanding roadway capacity in any major transportation corridor
simply provides an incentive for those travelers that were avoiding
peak periods, using car pools, or taking alternate routes or alternate
modes, to get back into their single occupancy vehicle and drive in the
corridor during the peak period until the congestion level quickly
reaches where it was prior to the capacity expansion.
But still roadway expansion is still the
transportation planning norm throughout the state and country which is
widely accepted by elected officials and state and federal decision
makers.
Due to the rapidly
rising cost of energy, motor vehicle fuels and highway
construction, and the increasing number of babyboomer seniors
living on fixed incomes; continued auto-oriented low
density development will eventually run out of gas in the not
so distant future. Colorado should begin
planning for better transportation and land use alternatives today and
stop throwing away tax dollars on highway expansion projects.
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